Policy Brief, Relational Pathways project Smallholder farming in Kenya is key to the country’s food security and economy. Small farms account for 75% of the total agricultural output. Yet smallholder farmers’ agency has been largely neglected in the five decades of post-colonial agricultural policy-making in Kenya. The same policies have attempted to heavily restructure smallholder…

Transformative innovations start with the social and political, not  technology hardware and finance: lessons from Lighting Africa and MECS MECS Briefing paper, September 2019 The international community has signed up to ambitious goals to tackle the dual problems of energy access and climate change. The UN’s Sustainable Energy for All aims to achieve universal energy…

Often there is a wide gap between how uncertainty is understood and experienced from ‘below’ by the lived experiences of local people, how it is conceptualised and represented from ‘above’ by climate scientists and experts and how the ‘middle’ – civil society, NGOs, academics – can  potentially function as brokers between the ‘below’ and ‘above’….

The City of Brighton & Hove has made impressive progress toward improving access to healthy and sustainable food for its residents. Recent research and consultations have indicated a great potential for farmland surrounding Brighton & Hove to be used to further this progress. Much of the farmland surrounding the city is owned by the City…

Discussion paper July 2018 Produced for the Pathways Network, this paper explores how to link agroecological producers with food markets and consumers in the City of Brighton & Hove, UK. Examples and lessons from elsewhere, as well as relevant literature, are used to draw out lessons for the city. Strategies for supporting market linkages among…

Strategies for supporting market linkages among stakeholders in food systems can be a win-win-win for primary food producers, retailers and wholesalers, and consumers or caterers. By linking producers to consumers at a local scale, market linkage initiatives can provide marketing, retailing and sales, and distribution of a diverse range of products, through one initiative. This…

IDS Policy Briefing 148 Despite unprecedented wealth accumulation, coastal Mumbai suffers from a myriad of socioeconomic and ecological challenges as well as connected uncertainties. These include endemic flooding, shrinking of sensitive ecosystems, inequality, and marginalisation of natural resource-dependent communities, such as fishers. These are in addition to existing risks, including building collapse, fire hazards, infrastructure…

IDS Policy Briefing 147 The semi-arid district of Kachchh in Gujarat, India is known for its erratic rainfall, water scarcity, and droughts. Climate change has intensified extreme temperature and rainfall patterns and also led to changes to the long coastline. These are affecting not only the lives and livelihoods of local people, but also threatening…

Ecosystem services are vital for peri-urban and urbanising areas, and the people who live within them. In contexts of rapid urbanisation, these services are under threat from redevelopment, pollution and overconsumption, and there are gaps in the policies and structures that should protect them. Despite these challenges, there are opportunities for local authorities and citizens…

IDS Policy Briefing 149 The majority of the five million people that live in the deltaic Indian Sundarbans face continuous uncertainties in relation to their shelter, livelihoods, and health. Climate change is one of the key factors aggravating this situation. While scientific evidence exists regarding climatic changes in the Sundarbans, scientists and experts often disagree…

This policy briefing draws on insights from the Risks and Responses to Urban Futures project. This briefing draws on recent research to show how people benefit from ecoystems in and around cities, and how these benefits can be integrated into urban planning and policy. There is a growing international consensus that cities must form the…

A briefing for the Friends of the Earth project Big Ideas Change The World In this thinkpiece we introduce an area of activity that has flourished for decades in all corners of the globe, namely grassroots innovation for sustainable development. We also argue why innovation in general is a matter for democracy. Combining these two…

Climate Resilient Economies Programme Policy Brief 006/2016 African Centre for Technology Studies / STEPS Global Consortium Innovation systems are critical to technology transfer and implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Innovation systems provide an important platform for conceiving and incubating climate technologies. In East Africa, various stakeholders have different views of what constitute a good…

There are significant overlooked opportunities regarding low-carbon transition in China, with potential global impact. This leaflet summarises research which has looked at three areas of low carbon innovation in the country – agriculture, energy and transport. It explains how they depend not just on high-tech solutions, but also on changing social and political conditions. This…

Download the briefing (PDF 533kb) New thinking, practice and policy recommendations for sustainable urban waste management informed by robust research, addressing both environmental and social justice concerns. Patterns of urban consumption, and the waste generated, have changed rapidly. We now require sustainable urban waste management solutions which will simultaneously address environmental and social challenges, embrace…

Download this briefing (PDF) The costs of responding to outbreaks of transmissible and infectious diseases, especially zoonotic infections that can infect both animals and people, can be far greater than the cost of implementing measures to control or prevent problems in the first place. This briefing summarises findings from a project aiming to enrich our…

by Ishmael Hashmiu Researcher, Political Ecologies of Carbon project Download this briefing (PDF) Carbon offset projects are an increasingly important approach to carbon mitigation under the REDD+ (Reducing Emissions by Forest Degradation and Deforestation) framework. But how does ‘farming carbon’ compete with other land uses? This briefing investigates this question through the experience of the…

STEPS Briefing (to accompany Working Paper 76) by David Ockwell and Rob Byrne Download this briefing One of the most powerful boosts to addressing climate technology transfer and development under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) came in October 2014 at a meeting convened by the Technology Executive Committee (TEC) on strengthening National…

Diseases that affect people and have their origins in animals (zoonoses) have the potential to cause social, political and economic upheaval, often with little warning. Witness 2014’s Ebola outbreak in West Africa, as well as recent avian (H5N1) and swine (H1N1) flu pandemics. Other zoonoses less dramatically, but with wider impact, quietly devastate lives and…

Climate Compatible Development in Kenya Is it possible for Kenya to simultaneously tackle energy poverty, contribute to climate change mitigation and reduce exposure to climate vulnerability? There is growing international focus on how to support more integrated approaches to addressing climate change in ways that capture synergies and minimise the trade-offs between climate change mitigation,…

This briefing summarises insights from the Low Carbon Development project. Sustainable energy technologies could contribute significantly to human development and economic growth in low-income countries. Public policy has an important role to play in fostering the markets for these technologies. This briefing summarises key policy lessons from historical research explaining the success of the market…

The Dynamic Drivers of Disease in Africa Consortium is bringing together natural and social scientists to understand four neglected zoonotic (passed from animal to human) diseases in five African countries: henipavirus infection in Ghana; Rift Valley fever in Kenya; Lassa fever in Sierra Leone; and trypanosomiasis in Zambia and Zimbabwe. These five research updates, one for…

In India, as part of the Uncertainty from Below and Above project, the STEPS Centre is working with leading research institutes – the Institute of Health Management Research, Kolkata; Sarai of the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi; and the Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology, Bhuj, Gujarat – in locations with distinctive ecological…

This report presents proceedings of an innovation histories workshop on the Solar Home System (SHS) Market in Kenya. The workshop was held on 3 June 2013 at Silver Springs Hotel in Nairobi Kenya s part of the Pro-poor, low carbon development: Improving low carbon energy access and development benefits in Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Stakeholders…

Available in English and Kiswahili, this short, non-technical briefing outlines the aims, rationale and approach of the Low Carbon Development project. The project is a partnership between the University of Sussex (including the STEPS Centre, Sussex Energy Group and Tyndall Centre) and the African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS), in Kenya. Using the case study of Solar Home…

This Rapid Response briefing from the Dynamic Drivers of Disease in Africa Consortium sets out recommendations for a new, integrated ‘One Health’ approach to zoonoses that moves away from top-down disease-focused intervention to putting people first. Over two thirds of all human infectious diseases have their origins in animals. The rate at which these zoonotic diseases…

Although the H1N1 ‘swine flu’ pandemic of 2009-10 was less severe than anticipated, the event revealed weaknesses in the world’s current configuration of planning for and responding to pandemic influenza, according to new research outlined in this briefing. Science, public health policy makers and people worldwide were confounded by the uncertainty, complexity and politics inherent…

The beef industry in southern Africa has been a stalwart of economic development, but new conditions of trade, market access and disease dynamics, particularly of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), mean a major rethink is required. Our research addresses key policy options to allow southern Africa to benefit from the global ‘livestock revolution’. It explores what options…

(French version / en français) Cooperation, innovation and diversification are the keys to a bright future for the red meat industry in southern Africa. This was the message emerging from a workshop “Transboundary animal diseases and market access: the future of beef marketing in southern Africa” that was held in Pretoria, South Africa from 7…

(English version / en Anglais) Coopération, innovation et diversification sont les clés du succès futur du secteur de la viande rouge en Afrique australe. Tel est le message ayant émergé à l’issue de l’atelier « Maladies animales transfrontalières et accès aux marchés : l’avenir du secteur du boeuf en Afrique australe », qui s’est tenu…

From food prices and hunger to GM crops and biosafety, debates about agricultural innovation involve many competing narratives about key science and technology problems and their potential solutions. With each narrative suggesting different pathways to a more sustainable and productive food future, why do certain narratives and pathways come to dominate science policy debates while…

Rapid environmental and social changes – such as climate change, population explosion, urbanisation and globalised economics – are posing urgent practical, moral and political challenges across the globe. Consequently the core development challenges of alleviating poverty and inequity are increasingly complex. How might pathways to sustainability – linking environmental integrity with social justice – be…

Energy and development go hand-in-hand: lighting, cooking, mobility, heating, cooling and communications are all essential to development processes. Moreover, the manner in which energy services are realised has both positive and negative consequences for our health, environment, wealth and social relations. At a time when increasing access to modern energy services is seen as a…

Update on progress on the STEPS Centre’s Rethinking Regulation project.

La incorporación de nuevas tecnologías en el agro comporta beneficios, riesgos e inequidades diferentes para distintos tipos de usuarios. Las regulaciones (leyes, normas, resoluciones, acuerdos, etc.) pueden contribuir a controlar y equilibrar las condiciones generales de acceso a las tecnologías. Sin embargo, es frecuente que el diseño regulatorio no resulte, en la práctica, tan efectivo…

Sorghum, millet, cowpea, pigeon pea and green grams: these resilient plants once dominated smallholder farms in the drought-prone regions of Eastern Kenya. But in the last 50 years these ‘orphan crops’ – as they are known today – have been all but replaced by a single crop: maize. There are many reasons why maize has…

Maize is central to household food security for most Kenyans. As a result, policies that affect maize directly influence most Kenyan families’ access to food. Moreover, ‘maize politics’ is played out at the highest levels of government and involves some of the most influential public-sector and private-sector actors in the country.Repeatedly, the STEPS Kenya team…

The term ‘pathways’, in the STEPS project, is used to refer to the particular directions in which interacting social, technological and environmental systems co-evolve over time. A ‘pathways’ approach recognises that social systems, technologies and their diffusion, as well as environmental conditions, change in interactive dynamic ways. These interactions can be complex, uncertain and non-linear,…

Technology assessment (TA) is a term for processes that collect, interpret and evaluate information and perspectives about different technological options, in order to inform investments, strategies or policies (see Figure 1). It can play an important part in steering science, technology and innovation towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals and addressing the sustainability objectives at…

The increasing recognition of water as a vital substance for which demand is spiralling has resulted in scarcity scenarios and tales of a ‘looming water crisis’ becoming staple fare for newspaper headlines and international conferences alike. Widespread perceptions of water scarcity have prompted many countries to reform their water legislation and systems of water use…

Some vaccines are developed at lightning speed. Other, potentially useful, vaccines do not see the light of day. Understanding why this happens may help identify new policies aimed at a more sustainable vaccine development process. This briefing looks at the accumulation of technological knowledge in vaccine innovation and offers an alternative focus for policy attention….

Many policy makers, journalists and politicians are keen to celebrate the ‘pro-poor success’ of genetically modified (GM, transgenic) crops in developing countries. However, a detailed look at the evidence reveals that the impacts of GM crop varieties have actually been very mixed. Although some farmers have captured substantial benefits, others, especially smaller-scale and poorer farmers…

In a world where threats – linked to climate change, epidemic disease, or fluctuating financial markets – loom ever larger, resilience thinking highlights the complex dynamics of social-economic- environmental systems, across multiple scales. This briefing accompanies the Working Paper Re-framing Resilience: Trans-disciplinarity, Reflexivity and Progressive Sustainability – a Symposium Report.

In 1997, 18 people were infected with the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, H5N1. Six died, and since then a further 245 deaths have been reported. The virus has spread across most of Asia and Europe, with regular outbreaks in poultry. In some countries – Indonesia, China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Nigeria and Egypt – the disease…

How do we deal with the spread of HIV/ AIDS or avian ‘flu? How can farmers in dryland Africa cope with the challenges of climate change? How do we address water and pollution problems in rapidly-growing Asian cities? Who benefits from genetically-modified crops? Today’s world is experiencing rapid social, technological and environmental change, yet poverty…

Over the last five years, the ESRC STEPS Centre has explored the management of resources in peri-urban areas, and how sustainability can be defined and sought in this context. We have aimed to unpack the politics of sustainability in peri-urban areas and to highlight alternative visions of sustainability. Our work has focused on how water…

Technologies are finding their way to more remote and diverse corners of the globe, bringing with them significant opportunities for human development, but also risks – to individuals, the environment, and society as a whole. The ESRC STEPS Centre’s Regulation project investigated the challenge of regulating technology across very different local settings within an interdependent…

In a region where droughts and other extreme weather events are common, maize is central to food security for most households across East and Southern Africa. From national policy to individual households, maize security has come to be equated with food security. The resulting complex web of ‘maize politics’ directly influences both policy and families’…

In Kenya, STEPS Centre research partners from the African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), the Centre for African Bio-entrepreneurship (CABE), Tegemeo Institute at Egerton University, in association with the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) and Science and Technology Policy Research (SPRU) at the University of Sussex, UK, have been collaborating on a study to examine…

Both Kenya and the Philippines have been regarded as ‘test cases’ for biotechnology and biosafety regulatory development in their respective regions. Biosafety and its regulation has become the lightning rod for debates about the governance of transgenic (GM) crops in developing countries. This focus has tended to narrow policy debates about agricultural biotechnology to the…

This research report is intended to inform and encourage debate on the management of resources in the peri-urban fringe. In particular it demonstrates how the dominant, mainstream, strategies for water supply and management are failing in terms of social justice and environmental integrity, and the particular opportunities and challenges associated with the peri-urban situation. It…

Biochar is a carbon-rich product that results when biomass is burned under oxygen-deprived conditions. There is both technological optimism and debate about its potential. The addition of biochar to soils is being hailed both as a promising tool in carbon sequestration and enriching soils, and it appears also to offer a range of other benefits…

Access to sanitation is vital to people’s health and well-being, particularly women. In the past, sanitation has been provided through top-down, supply-oriented approaches. Now, Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) offers another way, by focusing on behaviour change and local people’s needs. This could provoke policy-makers to change their approach to sanitation. However, CLTS also faces its…

Ill health is still a major human problem and a high burden for many countries, despite the availability of effective interventions. Growing impatience with this situation, at both national and international level, has led to big political and financial commitments; and large new international organisations have been set up to improve health outcomes globally. But…

Markets for healthcare and pharmaceuticals are spreading rapidly in many countries. Meanwhile, new information communications technology (ICT) is changing the way people access advice and medicines. And as recent events such as SARS, H1N1 and avian influenza have shown, changing patterns in human behaviour and the environment have meant that epidemics can spread in new…

The spectre of a devastating global pandemic has been raised more than once in recent years. Recent disease events such as SARS, H1N1, avian influenza and haemorrhagic fevers (Ebola, dengue, etc) have focussed attention as never before on the need to understand and prepare for these unpredictable events. A series of new infectious diseases have…

In semi-arid areas of Eastern Kenya many small-scale farmers plant local maize seed, saved from the previous year, or obtained from within the community, rather than purchase commercial seed from their local agro-dealers and stockists. There are a number of reasons for this. Firstly, farmers are reluctant to invest scarce resources in inputs in the…

In the course of the STEPS maize project, the research team, which included both Kenyan and UK-based researchers, met and talked at length with a diverse range of farmers in the Sakai valley about how to respond to the challenges posed by frequent droughts and the threat of climate change. This is the third in…

One of the success stories in Kenya’s agricultural  sector has been the rise of the horticultural industry,  which has shown remarkable growth both in the  domestic and export markets Despite this remarkable growth, the export sector  remains a relatively small part of the overall  horticultural system in the country. Over 90% of all fruit and…

Alongside climate change and terrorism, epidemics capture the contemporary imagination of a vulnerable, interconnected earth. Bursting from a confined area onto the world stage, epidemics demonstrate precisely the kind of combustible unpredictability that fuels fears of systemic, global risks. This briefing accompanies the Working Paper Epidemics for all? Governing Health in a Global Age.

Alongside climate change and terrorism, epidemics capture the contemporary imagination of a vulnerable, interconnected earth. Bursting from a confined area onto the world stage, epidemics demonstrate precisely the kind of combustible unpredictability that fuels fears of systemic, global risks. This briefing accompanies the Working Paper Epidemics for all? Governing Health in a Global Age.

often hear that genetically modified (GM, transgenic) crops are urgently needed to kick-start agricultural development and overcome poverty, hunger and malnutrition in the global South. But the experiences of the Chinese, Indian and South African smallholders growing GM crops have been mixed. This briefing – Transgenic cotton: a ‘pro-poor’ success –  accompanies the Working Paper Made…

The beef industry in southern Africa has been a stalwart of economic development, but new conditions of trade, market access and disease dynamics, particularly of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), mean a major rethink is required. Our research addresses key policy options to allow southern Africa to benefit from the global ‘livestock revolution’. It explores what options…

The beef industry in southern Africa has been a stalwart of economic development, but new conditions of trade, market access and disease dynamics, particularly of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), mean a major rethink is required. Our research addresses key policy options to allow southern Africa to benefit from the global ‘livestock revolution’. It explores what options…

The beef industry in southern Africa has been a stalwart of economic development, but new conditions of trade, market access and disease dynamics, particularly of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), mean a major rethink is required. Our research addresses key policy options to allow southern Africa to benefit from the global ‘livestock revolution’. It explores what options…

(English version / en anglais) L’industrie bovine sud-africaine a été l’un des fers de lance du développement économique du pays, mais les nouvelles conditions du commerce et de l’accès aux marchés, ainsi que la dynamique de certaines maladies, en particulier la fièvre aphteuse, exigent une refonte majeure de l’approche dans ce secteur. Notre recherche s’intéresse…

(French version / en français) The beef industry in southern Africa has been a stalwart of economic development, but new conditions of trade, market access and disease dynamics, particularly of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), mean a major rethink is required. Our research addresses key policy options to allow southern Africa to benefit from the global ‘livestock…

The Liquid Dynamics Symposium in November 2009, hosted by the STEPS Centre, brought together people from disciplines including water resources, sanitation, health, and climate change, to address issues of sustainability and social justice in water and sanitation. “Liquid dynamics” is a term used to capture how the social, technological and ecological dimensions of water and…

The effects of recurring floods and droughts, the deaths of 6,000 babies daily from waterborne diseases and growing sanitation problems in booming peri-urban and urban centres. No act of terrorism generates devastation on the scale of the crisis in water and sanitation. A billion people still lack access to safe water and 2.6 people lack…

Health has risen up the agenda in rich and poor countries with governments and charitable foundations increasingly willing to support initiatives for addressing health-related needs. This political concern is creating major opportunities for improving poor people’s lives. But it is also creating risks that poorly designed interventions will fail to achieve their objective, or have…

In an era of rapid change, growing risk and uncertainty, there are many challenges to the sustainability of agricultural policy and practice in the developing world. Concerns about chronic hunger, malnutrition and technology-enhanced productivity, adverse environmental changes, increasing land degradation, the loss of biodiversity, livelihood insecurity and poverty in agricultural communities abound. These apprehensions raise…

In today’s highly dynamic world, development challenges involve addressing complex interactions between people and their social processes, and rapidly changing technologies and ecologies. Which directions or pathways such systems move through over time – and how far these are sustainable, resilient, poverty-reducing or socially just, for instance – is strongly shaped by political processes and…

Globally, billions lack access to safe water and sanitation. Despite widespread recognition that the situation is unacceptable, the tragedy of this failure persists. Increasingly, the development world is realising that a long series of pronouncements, declarations of principles and global conferences are as much a part of the problem as the solution: they aid in…

Today’s world is experiencing accelerated rates of change in social, technological and environmental processes, therefore taking the dynamics of systems seriously in policy and practice is essential. Dynamic systems are characterised by complexity, non-linearity and often non-equilibrium patterns, with high levels of uncertainty about likely outcomes and impacts. This briefing accompanies the working paper Dynamic…